Table 7 Strength of association of environmental risk factors with AR manifestation
From: Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia
Study | Study population, N | OR/PRa | Values (95% CI) | p-value | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fungi | |||||
 Norbäck et al., 2016 (1) [41] | 462 | OR | 0.76 (0.58 - 0.99) | < 0.05 | With fungi in ref. to without: OR adjusted for gender, ethnicity, smoking, atopy and heredity |
 Norbäck et al., 2016 (2) [35] | 462 | OR | 3.44 (1.81 - 6.59) | < 0.001 | With fungal endotoxin C14 3-OH FA in ref. to without: OR adjusted for classroom level |
Mold | |||||
 Kidoni et al., 2004 [19] | 202 | OR | 9.40 (3.80 - 22.90) | – | With mold sensitization vs without |
Insect | |||||
 Ng & Tan, 1994 [36] | 2868 | OR | 2.08 (1.29 – 3.35) | < 0.005 | Once every day in ref. to once every few months : OR adjusted for age, flat size, housing estate, race, race, occupational exposure, and fume |
House dust mite | |||||
 Lim et al., 2015 [11] | 695 | OR | 1.66 (1.08 - 2.56) | < 0.05 | With house dust mite allergy in ref. to without : OR adjusted for gender, current smoking status, age, cat allergy, home dampness, and indoor home painting in last 12 months |
 Norbäck et al., 2016 (2) [35] | 462 | OR | 2.91 (1.35 - 6.24) | < 0.01 | Continuous variable, 1000 mg increase in fine dust : OR adjusted for classroom level |
Carpet | |||||
 Hsu et al., 2009 [35] | 1368 | OR | 1.60 (1.09 - 2.35) | < 0.025 | With carpets in ref. to without : OR adjusted for birth weight, gender, gestational age, maternal education, gestational complications, smoking, pets, parity, molds, and air pollutions |
Home renovation | |||||
 Li et al., 2014 [7] | 9899 | OR | 1.39 (1.06 - 1.81) | < 0.05 | With home renovation in ref. to without |
Air pollution | |||||
 Hsu et al., 2009 [10] | 1368 | OR | 1.44 (1.10 - 1.88) | < 0.01 | With air pollution in ref. to without : OR adjusted for birth weight, gender, gestational age, maternal education, gestational complications, smoking, pets, carpets, molds, and parity |
Fume exposure | |||||
 Ng & Tan, 1994 [36] | 2868 | OR | 2.29 (1.32 - 3.99) | < 0.005 | Often in ref. to rarely: OR adjusted for age, flat size, housing estate, race, race, occupational exposure, and race |
Traffic | |||||
 Zuraimi et al., 2011 [21] | 2994 | PR | 1.58 (1.04 - 2.39) | < 0.05 | Heavy traffic in ref. to low traffic for all children : PR adjusted for gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, housing type, parental atopy, breastfeeding, food allergy, and resident height |
|  |  | 1.73 (1.00 - 2.99) | < 0.05 | Heavy traffic in ref. to low traffic for all lifetime residents : PR adjusted for gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, housing type, parental atopy, breastfeeding, food allergy, and resident height | |
Occupational exposure | |||||
 An et al., 2015 [2] | 31,217 | OR | 1.28 (1.11 - 1.47) | < 0.01 | Unemployed in ref. to engineer : OR adjusted for age, gender, family size, residency, educational, household income, and marriage |
|  |  | 1.29 (1.09 - 1.52) | < 0.01 | Manager, expert, specialist & clerks in ref. to engineer : OR adjusted for age, gender, family size, residency, educational, household income, and marriage | |
|  |  | 1.18 (1.01 - 1.39) | < 0.01 | Service worker & seller in ref. to engineer : OR adjusted for age, gender, family size residency, educational, household income, and marriage | |
|  |  | 1.32 (1.11 - 1.58) | < 0.01 | Technician, mechanics & production worker in ref. to engineer : OR adjusted for age, gender, family size, residency, educational, household income, and marriage | |
 Ng & Tan 1994 [36] | 2868 | OR | 1.95 (1.36 - 2.80) | < 0.0005 | Wth occupational exposure vs without: OR adjusted for age, flat size, housing estate, race, race, fume, and race |