Table 5 Strength of association of personal risk factor with AR manifestation
From: Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia
Study | Study population, N | ORa | Values (95% CI) | p-value | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol | |||||
 Bunnag et al., 2000 [37] | 3124 | OR | 1.46 (1.15 - 1.86) | < 0.05 | Drinker in ref. to non-drinker: adjusted OR |
Smoking | |||||
 Bunnag et al., 2000 [37] | 3124 | OR | 1.39 (1.05 - 1.83) | < 0.05 | Smoker in ref. to non-smoker: adjusted OR |
 Li et al., 2014 [7] | 9899 | OR | 1.44 (1.10 - 1.88) | < 0.01 | Smoker in ref. to non-smoker |
 Ng & Tan, 1994 [36] | 2868 | OR | 1.75 (1.01 – 3.04) | < 0.05 | Past smoker in ref. to non- smoker: OR adjusted for age, flat size, housing estate, race, insect exposure, occupational exposure, and fume |
 Zuraimi et al., 2008 [39] | 6794 | OR | 1.23 (1.01 - 1.50) | – | Passive smoker in ref. to non-passive smoker: OR adjusted for age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, housing type, family atopy, breastfeeding, food allergy, respiratory infections, home dampness, air conditioning, home wall paper, carpet, home traffic density, childcare centre ventilation and dampness |
Computer usage | |||||
 Li et al., 2014 [7] | 9899 | OR | 1.45 (1.10 - 1.91) | < 0.01 | Occasionally in ref. to never |
|  |  | 1.46 (1.10 - 1.93) | < 0.01 | < 2 h daily in ref. to never | |
|  |  | 1.58 (1.14 - 2.19) | < 0.01 | 2-4 h daily in ref. to never | |
Education | |||||
 Alsowaidi et al., 2010 [3] | 7550 | OR | 1.42 (1.05 - 1.93) | < 0.05 | University in ref. to illiterate and primary school: OR adjusted for nationality, gender, family history of AR, and age |
 Min et al., 1997 [20] | 10,054 | OR | 1.83 (0.82 - 4.02) | < 0.05 | Elementary in ref. to illiterate: OR adjusted for age |
|  |  | 2.11 (0.93 - 4.79) | < 0.05 | Junior in ref. to illiterate: OR adjusted for age | |
|  |  | 2.81 (1.34 - 5.86) | < 0.05 | Senior in ref. to illiterate: OR adjusted for age | |
|  |  | 2.54 (1.08 - 5.96) | < 0.05 | College in ref. to illiterate: OR adjusted for age | |
Stress | |||||
 An et al., 2015 [2] | 31,217 | OR | 1.14 (1.01 - 1.28) | < 0.001 | A little in ref. to little: OR adjusted for age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, smoking status, sleep time and drinking |
|  |  | 1.46 (1.28 - 1.66) | < 0.001 | Moderate in ref. to little : OR adjusted for age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, smoking status, sleep time and drinking | |
|  |  | 1.47 (1.21 - 1.79) | < 0.001 | Severe in ref. to little | |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | : OR adjusted for age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, smoking status, sleep time and drinking | |
Sleep time | |||||
 An et al., 2015 [2] | 31,217 | OR | 0.92 (0.84 - 1.00) | < 0.05 | > 7 h in ref. to ≤7 h : OR adjusted for age, gender, height, weight, body mass index, smoking status, stress and drinking |
Parasitic infection | |||||
 Phathammavong et al., 2008 [9] | 536 | OR | 3.41 (1.03 - 11.29) | < 0.05 | With parasitic infection in ref. to without : OR adjusted for gender, age, parity, parents education, pets ownership, sharing bed, air conditioning, measles infection, respiratory infection, time on road, meat, fish, vegetables, cow milk, fast food and eggs consumptions, and family income |
Past respiratory infection | |||||
 Phathammavong et al., 2008 [9] | 536 | OR | 4.06 (1.83 - 9.01) | < 0.05 | With past respiratory infection in ref. to without : OR adjusted for gender, age, parity, parents education, pets ownership, sharing bed, air conditioning, measles infection, family income, time on road, meat, fish, vegetables, cow milk, fast food and eggs consumptions, and intestinal parasitic infestation |