Table 1 Summaries of allergic rhinitis-specific articles published in year 1994-2017 in Asia
From: Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia
Country, location | No. of sample | Study design | Prevalence | Definition of the disease stage | Parameters analyzed | Reference, date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singapore | 2868 adults aged 20-74 years | Cross-sectional population-based study | 4.5% | Allergic rhinitis: self-reported presence, in the previous year, of usual nasal blockage and discharge apart from colds or the flu, provoked by allergens, with or without conjunctivitis. | Significant parameters ➢ Age ➢ Fume exposure ➢ Housing estate ➢ Insect ➢ Occupational exposure ➢ Race ➢ Smoking Insignificant parameters ➢ Air pollution ➢ Carpet ➢ Gender ➢ Pet | Ng & Tan, 1994 [36] |
Korea | 10,054 residents | Cross-sectional interview based study with Physical examination | 1.14% | Perennial allergic rhinitis in this study was defined as the presence of typical nasal symptoms including watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching and nasal obstruction during a period greater than 12 months, positive history of known allergen or triggering factors, and the physical finding of pale nasal mucosa on endoscopic examination. | Significant parameters ➢ Educational attainment ➢ Residency Insignificant parameters ➢ Marital status ➢ Occupational exposure ➢ Smoking ➢ Social class | Min et al., 1997 [20] |
Thailand, Bangkok | 3124 residents | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study | 13.15% (95% CI = 13.13-13.17) with Chronic rhinitis (CR) | Rhinitis is defined as inflammation of the lining of the nose, characterized by one or more of the following symptoms, i.e. itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction (International Rhinitis Management Working Group, 1994). CR is diagnosed when one frequently has rhinitis symptoms without fever for a period of more than one year. | Significant parameters ➢ Associated allergic diseases ➢ Drinking ➢ Family history of atopy ➢ Household income ➢ Smoking Insignificant parameter ➢ Gender | Bunnag et al., 2000 [37] |
Israel | 10,057 schoolchildren, aged 13-14 years | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study | 41.6% with Ever AR, 9.4% with Current AR | Ever AR: Children who reported having rhinitis and sneezing without flu ever Current AR: Answer ‘Yes’ to the question, “Do you have allergic rhinitis?” | Significant parameters ➢ Asthma ➢ Family history of allergic diseases ➢ Gender ➢ Race ➢ Residency | Graif et al., 2004 [38] |
Singapore | 202 patients aged 2-14 years | Retrospective analysis with medical records from allergic rhinitis patients undergo SPT test in KK Children’s hospital (Jul 2001 to June 2002) | 33% (AR + asthma), 13% (AR + AD) & 7% (AR + asthma + AD) − 44% hospitalization rate | Confirmation from a specialist in Pediatric Otolaryngology | Significant parameter ➢ Mold | Kidoni et al., 2004 [19]. |
Laos, Vientiane | 536 (included students aged 6-7 years and 13-14 years) | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study from Dec 2006 to Feb 2007 with stool examination | 21.0% (6-7 years) & 22.3% (13-14 years) | Had a problem with sneezing, runny, or blocked nose when did not have cold or the flu in the past 12 months (ISAAC definition) | Significant parameters ➢ Household income ➢ Parasitic infection ➢ Past respiratory infection Insignificant parameters ➢ Age ➢ Air conditioning ➢ Birth order ➢ Family history of allergic diseases ➢ Food ➢ Gender ➢ Parity ➢ Past measles infection ➢ Pet ➢ Sharing bed ➢ Smoking ➢ Time on road | Phathammavong et al., 2008 [9] |
Singapore | 6794 children attending 120 randomly selected child care centres | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study | 25.6 (Rhinitis) | N.A. | Significant parameter ➢ Smoking | Zuraimi et al., 2008 [39] |
Taiwan, Taipei | 1368 elementary school children | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study with multi-stage clustered-stratified random method, physical examination | 50.1% | The presence of typical nasal symptoms including watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal obstruction of more than 12 months’ duration, positive history of known allergen or triggering factors, and pale nasal mucosa. | Significant parameters ➢ Air pollution ➢ Carpet ➢ Gender ➢ Parity Insignificant parameters ➢ Age of gestation ➢ Gestational complication ➢ Maternal education ➢ Mold ➢ Pet ➢ Smoking | Hsu et al., 2009 [10] |
United Arab Emirates, Al-Ain City | 7550 residents ≥13 years | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study | 32% | The definition of AR used in this study was having had AR symptoms of (nasal blockage, rhinorrhoea, sneezing and irritation), in the past 12 months. | Significant parameters ➢ Age ➢ Education attainment ➢ Family history of allergic diseases ➢ Gender ➢ Nationality | Alsowaidi et al., 2010 [3] |
Singapore | 2994 children living in homes without any indoor risk factors | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study | 24% (Rhinitis) | N.A. | Significant parameter ➢ Traffic Insignificant parameter ➢ Air conditioning | Zuraimi et al., 2011 [21] |
China, Guangzhou City | 9899 citizens | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study with stratified multistage cluster sampling method | 6.24% | According to the diagnostic criteria of AR in the ARIA 2001 Guideline, the ENT specialists verified the screening questionnaires and made the diagnosis based on the typical AR symptoms within the last 12 months. Intermittent AR was determined when the symptoms occur, 4 days/week or, 4 consecutive weeks/year; while persistent AR was determined when symptoms last 4 days/week or 4 consecutive weeks/year. | Significant parameters ➢ Computer usage ➢ Family history of allergic diseases ➢ Home renovation ➢ Pet ➢ Residency ➢ Smoking Insignificant parameters ➢ Age ➢ Breastfeeding ➢ Car ownership ➢ Hair coloring ➢ Household income | Li et al., 2014 [7] |
Korea | 31,217 subjects aged 6-97 years | Cross-sectional study, data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | 27% | N.A. | Significant parameters ➢ Marital status ➢ Occupational exposure ➢ Sleep time ➢ Stress level Insignificant parameters ➢ BMI ➢ Drinking ➢ Education attainment ➢ Family size ➢ Household income ➢ Residency ➢ Smoking | An et al., 2015 [2] |
China | 20,803 elementary school students | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study | 9.8% | AR: yes for “Has your child had allergic rhinitis in the past 12 months?” | Significant parameters ➢ Age ➢ Age of gestation ➢ Breastfeeding ➢ Family size ➢ Gender ➢ Household income ➢ Housing estate ➢ Maternal education ➢ Mode of delivery ➢ Maternal pre- or postnatal depression ➢ Paternal education Insignificant parameters ➢ Drinking ➢ Smoking | Li et al., 2015 [22] |
Malaysia | 695 Malaysia office works aged 18-60 years | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study, SPT test, building inspection | 53% with current rhinitis | Doctor diagnosis | Significant parameters ➢ Age ➢ House dust mite Insignificant parameters ➢ Gender ➢ Pet ➢ Smoking | Lim et al., 2015 [11] |
China, Wuhan | 3327 | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study, physical examination | 17.67% | Doctor diagnosis | Significant parameter ➢ Gender Insignificant parameter ➢ BMI | Lei, Yang & Zhen, 2016 [40] |
Malaysia, Johor Bahru | 462 students from 8 random schools | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study, building inspections | 18.8% for students from junior high schools | N.A. | Significant parameter ➢ Fungi | Norbäck et al., 2016 (1) [41] |
Malaysia, Johor Bahru | 462 students from 8 random schools | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study, building inspections | 18.8% for students from junior high schools | N.A. | Significant parameters ➢ Atopy ➢ Family history of allergic disease ➢ Fungi ➢ House dust mite ➢ Race Insignificant parameters ➢ Gender ➢ Smoking | Norbäck et al., 2016 (2) [35] |
China, Shanghai | 13,335 children, aged 4-6 years | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study | 12.6% | Answer yes for “Has your child ever had a problem with sneezing, or a runny, or blocked nose when he/she did not have a cold or the flu in the past years” | Significant parameters ➢ Breastfeeding ➢ Gruel introduction | Huang et al., 2017 [34] |
Taiwan | 1497 newborns | Birth cohort follow-up, questionnaire survey, physician-verified and serological testing | Non-atopic parents & one atopic parent & atopic parents : 30.8% vs 39.9% vs 54.7% | Doctor diagnosis | Significant parameters ➢ Age of gestation ➢ Gender ➢ Residency | Lee et al., 2017 [42] |
Kuwait | 1154 students, aged 18-26 years attending Kuwait University | Cross-sectional questionnaire based study | 20.4% (95% Cl- 18.1-22.9) | Current rhinitis: “ever doctor-diagnosed rhinitis” plus “having problems with sneezing, runny, or blocked nose in the absence of cold or flu in the last 12 months” | Significant parameters ➢ Age ➢ Family history of allergic diseases ➢ Pet Insignificant parameters ➢ Birth order ➢ Gender ➢ Mode of delivery ➢ Smoking | Ziyab, 2017 [8] |