Table 6 Genetic variants associated with the immune response to helminths

IL10

1q31-q32

Interleukin 10

rs3024492

Allele C of rs3024498 was negatively associated with helminth infection

Ascaris lumbricoides

Brazil

CHIT1

1q32.1

Chitinase 1 chitotriosidase

H allele: 24 bp duplication in exon 10

Homozygotes HH low levels of chitotriosidase. H allele over-represented in the infected group

Wuchereria bancrofti

South India

-

2p21-p14

Unknown

D2S2378

Linkage between the numbers of microfilariae and markers at 2p21-p14

Onchocerca volvulus

Ghana

TLR2

4q32

Toll receptor 2

−196 to −173 del

Higher risk of asymptomatic filariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti

Thailand

+597 T > C

+1350 T > C

IL13

5q31

Interleukin 13

Arg110Gln

Gln/Gln: Strong Th2 reactivity, low microfilarial number

Onchocerca volvulus

Guinea

−1055 C > T

Less Ascaris burden

Ascaris lumbricoides

China

rs7719175

Haplotypes rs7719175T and rs1800925C associated with high infection levels

Schistosoma haematobium

Mali

rs1800925

MBL2

10q11

Mannose-binding lectin 2

Low –expressing MBL

Increased prevalence of positive circulating filarial antigen (CFA status)

Wuchereria bancrofti

Tanzania

Defective C allele

Three times more probability to be infected with Filariae

STAT6

12q13

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6

Microsatellite in exon 1

Carriers of the short allele plus SNPs haplotypes have lower levels of Ascaris infection

Ascaris lumbricoides

China

5′UTR/3′UTR haplotypes

3′UTR SNP 4219 G/A

Homozygotes GG have the lowest egg counts

Ascaris lumbricoides

China

-

13q33-34

Unknown

D13S1265 D13S285

Linkage with egg counts of A. lumbricoides in stool and total IgE levels

Ascaris lumbricoides

Nepal

TNFSF13B

13q33

B Cell activating factor

G3980 > C

GG homozygotes have higher levels of IgG to Ascaris

Ascaris lumbricoides

Colombia

TGFB1

19q13.1

Transforming growth factor beta 1

Leu10Pro

Leu/Leu: Latent infection

Wuchereria bancrofti

Ghana