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Table 1 Latent and manifest variables included in the partial least squares model

From: Establishing the relationship of inhaler satisfaction, treatment adherence, and patient outcomes: a prospective, real-world, cross-sectional survey of US adult asthma patients and physicians

Latent Variable

Manifest Variable

Drug delivery satisfaction

Satisfaction: I get the same amount of medicine delivered to my lungs each time.

Satisfaction: I do not need to breathe in hard to inhale my medicine.

Satisfaction: Low/no irritation in mouth and throat.

Satisfaction: I do not need to breathe in at the same time as I press my inhaler.

Device functionality satisfaction

Satisfaction: The instructions are simple and easy to use.

Satisfaction: It is built to last and will not break easily.

Satisfaction: No need for me to put the medicine in the inhaler before I use it.

Satisfaction: Easy to hold and carry around with me.

Satisfaction: Can reuse the inhaler for more than one month.

Device feedback satisfaction

Satisfaction: It tells me how many doses of medicine I have left.

Satisfaction: The inhaler locks when empty so it cannot be used anymore.

Satisfaction: It tells me when my dose of medicine has been inhaled correctly.

Comorbid allergic rhinitis

Physician-reported concomitant allergic rhinitis

Treatment adherence

MMAS-8

Smoking history

Whether patient ever smoked (clinician-reported)

Clinician-reported cigarettes smoked per day

Clinician-reported years smoked cigarettes for

Clinical outcomes

Clinician-reported number of asthma exacerbations in preceding 12 months

ACT score

JSEQ score

EQ-5D-3L score

  1. ACT, Asthma Control Test; EQ-5D-3L, EuroQol-5D-3L; JSEQ, Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire; MMAS-8; Morisky Medication Adherence Scale