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Table 3 Associations between area of residence (urban vs. rural) and cytokine production for each culture condition in which different models represent adjustments for different sets of variables

From: Effects of environment on human cytokine responses during childhood in the tropics: role of urban versus rural residence

Stimulus/Cytokine

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

Spontaneous production

   

IL-5 (n = 418)

1.42 (0.93;2.15)

1.00 (0.52;1.92)

0.95 (0.48;1.87)

IL-13 (n = 418)

1.54 (1.01;2.37)

0.67 (0.34;1.32)

0.53 (0.26;1.07)

IFN-γ (n = 417)

1.88 (1.19;2.98)

1.67 (0.83;3.37)

1.50 (0.72;3.10)

IL-10 (n = 415)

1.86 (1.05;3.32)

2.64 (1.12;6.22)

2.56 (1.05;6.24)

IL-17 (n = 416)

0.83 (0.37;1.84)

2.13 (0.66;6.84)

1.61 (0.48;5.42)

Ascaris lumbricoides

   

IL-5 (n = 418)

0.75 (0.48;1.15)

1.50 (0.75;3.00)

1.53 (0.74;3.15)

IL-13 (n = 418)

0.66 (0.44;1.01)

1.14 (0.59;2.22)

1.29 (0.65;2.57)

IFN-γ (n = 417)

1.35 (0.78;2.33)

1.73 (0.72;4.12)

1.67 (0.67;4.14)

IL-10 (n = 416)

1.83 (1.08;3.11)

2.43 (1.09;5.38)

2.51 (1.09;5.79)

IL-17 (n = 416)

0.69 (0.33;1.47)

0.79 (0.27;2.34)

0.61 (0.19;1.95)

House dust mite

   

IL-5 (n = 418)

1.73 (1.06;2.82)

2.06 (0.98;4.29)

2.09 (0.97;4.52)

IL-13 (n = 418)

0.89 (0.58;1.35)

1.54 (0.80;2.99)

1.48 (0.74;2.94)

IFN-γ (n = 417)

1.45 (0.85;2.46)

1.63 (0.68;3.92)

1.57 (0.64;3.87)

IL-10 (n = 416)

2.42 (1.54;3.78)

1.83 (0.91;3.68)

2.24 (1.07;4.70)

IL-17 (n = 411)

1.22 (0.57;2.61)

1.63 (0.61;4.38)

1.63 (0.57;4.67)

  1. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex
  2. Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, Giardia, maternal education and bathroom
  3. Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, worm infection (Ascaris and or Trichuris), maternal education and bathroom
  4. Odd ratios (OR) calculated using logistic regression
  5. ORs in bold with P < 0.05