Table 3 Adverse reactions to non beta-lactam antimicrobials: clinical picture and diagnostic tests*

Aminoglycosides

CD, U, MPE, FDE, TEN, DIHS, ANA

PT

1-20%

STs

0.1 ng/mL-20 mg/mL

Chloramphenicol

ANA, fever, U, AE, MPE, AGEP, CD, bullous eruption, EM, FDE, SJS, TEN, bronchospasm, aplastic anemia

STs

-

PT

1%

Clindamycin

MPE, ANA, U, AE, FDE, bullous eruptions, AGEP, Sweet’s syndrome, SJS, DIHS

OPT

-

PT

10%

Dapsone

Methemoglobinemia, agranulocytosis

Methemoglobin measurement

-

Ethambutol

Skin rash, ED, U, AE, EM, SJS, TEN, blood eosinophilia, pulmonary infiltrates, hepatitis, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, flu-like syndrome, arthralgia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, optic neuritis

PT

10-50%

Isoniazid

MPE, lichenoid rash, flushing, DIHS, SJS, pruritus, drug fever, peripheral neuropathy, hepatitis

Graded challenge

-

Macrolides

U, AE, RC, ANA, MPE, CD, FDE, TEN

STs

Erythromycin 0.05 mg/mL

Azithromycin 0.01 mg/mL

Roxythromycin 50 mg/mL

Clarithromycin 0.5 mg/mL

PT

10%

OPT

-

Pyrazinamide

Flushing, itchy rash, ANA, hepatitis

STs

500 mg/mL

Quinolones

U, ANA, MPE, FDE, photoallergy, AGEP, SJS, TEN

STs

Levofloxacin 5 mg/mL

Ciprofloxacin 2 mg/mL

Moxifloxacin 1.6 mg/mL

OPT

Rifampicin

Flushing, flu-like syndrome, MPE, pemphigus, lupus erythematosus, SJS, TEN, ANA, thrombocytopenia, nephrotoxicity, hepatitis, hemolytic anemia

STs

1: 10000

Streptomycin

Skin rash, ANA, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, MPE, U, ED, SJS, DIHS

PT

20%

Sulphamethoxazole

Nausea, haemopoietic disorders, porphyria, ANA, haemolyitc anemia, MPE, SJS, TEN, DIHS

STs

80 mg/mL

PT

10%

LTT

Telithromycin

Hepatotoxicity, U, AE, ANA, TEN

OPT

-

Tetracyclines

FDE, DIHS, TEN, hepatitis, pneumonitis, ANA, phototoxic and photallergic reactions

STs

Doxycicline :prick 20 mg/mL; id: 2 mg/mL

PT

5%

Vancomycin

RMS, ANA, SJS, ED, TEN, FDE, vasculitis, DIHS, AGEP, linear IgA bullous dermatosis, nephropathy

STs

0.1 mg/mL

PT

0.005%