Table 2 Mechanisms and manifestations of Vancomycin hypersensitivity
Mechanisms | Type of reaction based on the time of onset | Main manifestations due to vancomycin | |
|---|---|---|---|
Non-immunological mechanism | Mast cell and basophil histamine release | Immediate reaction | Red man syndrome |
Immunological mechanisms | Type I | Immediate reaction | Anaphylaxis |
Type II | Non-immediate reactions | Nephritis | |
Type III | Non-immediate reactions | Vasculitis* | |
Type IVa | Non-immediate reactions | Exfoliative dermatitis | |
Type IVb | Non-immediate reactions | Maculo-papular exanthema, DRESS/DiHS | |
Type IVc | Non-immediate reactions | SJS/TEN, hepatitis | |
| Â | Type IVd | Non-immediate reactions | AGEP |