From: Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia
Study | Study population, N | OR/PRa | Values (95% CI) | p-value | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
 Alsowaidiet al., 2010 [3] | 7550 | OR | 0.66 (0.54 - 0.81) | < 0.0005 | > 19 years in ref. to 13-19 years: OR adjusted for nationality, gender, family history of AR, and education |
 Li et al., 2015 [22] | 20,803 | OR | 1.05 (1.02-1.07) | < 0.05 | Continuous variable, 1 year increase (elementary school student) |
 Lim et al., 2015 [11] | 695 | OR | 0.72 (0.58 - 0.88) | < 0.01 | Continuous variable, 10 year increase (18 - 60 years): OR adjusted for gender, smoking, house dust mite allergy, cat allergy, home dampness, and home renovation |
 Ng & Tan, 1994 [36] | 2868 | OR | 0.19 (0.10 – 0.35) | < 0.0001 | 60-74 years in ref. to 20-39 years: OR adjusted for race, flat size, housing estate, smoking, insect exposure, occupational exposure, and fume |
 Ziyab, 2017 [8] | 1154 | PR | 1.04 (1.01 - 1.07) | < 0.01 | Continuous variable (18-26 years): PR adjusted for gender, cat exposure, maternal AR, and paternal AR |
Gender | |||||
 Alsowaidi et al., 2010 [3] | 7550 | OR | 0.75 (0.63 - 0.88) | < 0.005 | Male in ref. to female: OR adjusted for nationality, age, family history of AR, and education |
 Graif et al., 2004 [38] | 10,057 | OR | 0.85 (0.74 – 0.97) | – | Male in ref. to female: OR adjusted for current asthma, family history of asthma, race, residency, and smoking |
 Hsu et al., 2009 [10] | 1368 | OR | 0.58 (0.47 – 0.72) | < 0.001 | Male in ref. to female: OR adjusted for birth weight, parity, gestational age, maternal education, gestational complications, smoking, pets, carpets, molds, and air pollutions |
 Lee et al., 2017 [42] | 1497 | OR | 1.57 | < 0.01 | Male in ref. to female |
 Lei, Yang & Zhen, 2016 [40] | 3327 | OR | 0.68 (0.46 - 1.00) | < 0.05 | Male in ref. to female |
 Li et al., 2015 [22] | 20,803 | OR | 1.55 (1.41 - 1.70) | < 0.001 | Male in ref. to female |
Race | |||||
 Graif et al., 2004 [38] | 10,057 | OR | 1.75 (1.45 - 2.13) | – | Jews in ref. to Arabs: OR adjusted for current asthma, family history of asthma, gender, residency, and smoking |
 Ng & Tan, 1994 [36] | 2, 868 | OR | 2.02 (1.29 - 3.14) | < 0.005 | Indian in ref. to Malay: OR adjusted for age, flat size, housing estate, smoking, insect exposure, occupational exposure, and fume |
 Norbäck et al., 2016 (2) [35] | 462 | OR | 0.33 (0.13 - 0.88) | < 0.05 | Indian in ref. to Malay: OR adjusted for gender, smoking, atopy, and family history of allergic diseases |
Nationality | |||||
 Alsowaidi et al., 2010 [3] | 7550 | OR | 0.48 (0.34 - 0.68) | < 0.005 | Others in ref. to Arabs: OR adjusted for age, gender, family history of AR, and education |
Residency | |||||
 Graif et al., 2004 [38] | 10,057 | OR | 0.84 (0.90 - 1.40) | – | Urban in ref. to rural: OR adjusted for current asthma, family history of asthma, gender, gender, and smoking |
 Lee et al., 2017 [42] | 1497 | OR | 0.71 | < 0.05 | Townhouse in ref. to others |
 Li et al., 2014 [7] | 9899 | OR | 1.91 (1.37 - 2.68) | < 0.001 | Urban in ref. to rural |
 Min et al., 1997 [20] | 10,054 | OR | 5.26 (2.27 - 12.50) | < 0.05 | Urban in ref. to rural: OR adjusted for age |
Housing estate | |||||
 Li et al., 2015 [22] | 20,803 | OR | 2.19 (1.97 - 2.43) | < 0.001 | Cities SH, GZ, WH, CD in ref. to XA, HA, HO, UR |
 Ng & Tan, 1994 [36] | 2868 | OR | 1.92 (1.07 - 3.46) | < 0.05 | Toa Payoh in ref. to Yishun : OR adjusted for age, flat size, race, smoking, insect exposure, occupational exposure, and fume |
Household income | |||||
 Bunnag et al., 2000 [37] | 3124 | OR | 1.97 (1.23 - 3.16) | < 0.05 | High income in ref. to medium income: adjusted OR |
 Li et al., 2015 [22] | 20,803 | OR | 1.42 (1.21 - 1.68) | < 0.001 | 800-1500 RMB/month in ref. to 800 RMB/month |
 |  | 1.93 (1.64 - 2.27) | < 0.001 | 1500-2500 RMB/month in ref. to 800 RMB/month | |
 |  | 2.88 (2.47 - 3.37) | < 0.001 | > 2500 RMB/month in ref. to 800RMB/month | |
Phathammavong et al., 2008 [9] | 536 | OR | 2.23 (1.04 - 4.81) | < 0.05 | High income in ref. to low income: OR adjusted for gender, age, parity, parents education, pets ownership, sharing bed, air conditioning, measles infection, respiratory infection, time on road, meat, fish, vegetables, cow milk, fast food and eggs consumptions, and intestinal parasitic infestation |
Parity | |||||
 Hsu et al., 2009 [10] | 1368 | OR | 1.42 (1.02 - 1.97) | < 0.025 | N = 1 in ref. to N ≥ 3 : OR adjusted for birth weight, gender, gestational age, maternal education, gestational complications, smoking, pets, carpets, molds, and air pollutions |
 |  | 1.43 (1.01 - 2.01) | < 0.025 | N = 2 in ref. to N ≥ 3: OR adjusted for birth weight, gender, gestational age, maternal education, gestational complications, smoking, pets, carpets, molds, and air pollutions | |
Family size | |||||
 Li et al., 2015 [22] | 20,803 | OR | 1.26 (1.05 - 1.51) | < 0.005 | N < 3 in ref. to N ≥ 4 |
 |  | 1.18 (1.0 - 1.30) | < 0.005 | N = 3 in ref. to N ≥ 4 | |
Marital status | |||||
 An et al., 2015 [2] | 31,217 | OR | 0.85 (0.74 - 0.97) | < 0.05 | Married in ref. to unmarried: OR adjusted for age, gender, family size, residency, educational, Household income, and occupation |