Table 1 General characteristics of infant formulas for CMA
From: Cow’s milk allergy: towards an update of DRACMA guidelines
CMA infant formula composition | |
|---|---|
Energy | Similar to HM |
Proteins | Within normal recommended ranges, but CMP are hydrolysate, or whole proteins different than human milk proteins; some supplemented with lysine, threonine or tryptophan |
Fats | Only 15 % have α-linolenic acid in similar amounts than HM; 31 % have more linoleic acid than HM; 46 % do not include DHA; one includes 25 % palmitic acid in beta position. |
Carbohydrates | 70 % of special formulae are without lactose; all have a content of carbohydrates higher than HM |
Micronutrients | Fe ≤ than in HM (risk of iron-deficiency). Content of other minerals should be reviewed considering other factors. |
Vitamins A, E, D | Need to be reviewed the doses depending on other factors (>25 % of children consumed <2/3 of the RDI of Ca, Vitamins D and E). |
Nucleotides | 77 % have nucleotides |
Choline | Big variability in choline levels between different formulae. |
Taurine | 92 % have taurine |
Carnitine | 92 % have carnitine |
Prebiotics | 15 % include FOS/GOS |
Probiotics | 8 % include probiotics |